Impact of MGNREGA on the Area of Irrigated Crops in Madurai District
Abstract
A majority of people in India would continue to live in villages for decades to come. Natural resources of land and water would remain primary rural livelihood anchors as over half the main workers remain agriculture. Enhancing wage income through creation of productive assets, especially in the farm economy, is a hallmark of the employment generation programs in India and elsewhere. It could be postulated that increased wages and capital formation within rural economies may redress poverty and also boost up overall growth in the country. The MGNREGA aims at enhancing the livelihood, security of people in rural areas by providing 100 days of employment by creating durable assets and strengthening resource base of the rural poor. An attempt has been made to analyze the MGNREGA water conservation works, and its effect on area of cultivation of irrigated crops.
Key Words
MGNREGA, Watershed, Cultivation, Crops production, Food security
[3] Professor, Department of Applied Research, GRI drabkgri@gmail.com .
Copy
of the paper Presented on “ONE DAY SEMINAR ON WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES IN TAMILNADU:EMERGING ISSUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
PERSPECTIVES” held at Madurai Kamaraj university ,Madurai on 28.02.2012
INTRODUCTION
A vast of people in India would continue to live in rural area for past decades to come. The main work is remain agriculture in rural India. Increasing natural resource productivities is thus critical to enhance livelihood and reduce poverty in villages. It is an imperative for our food, water and ecological security .Basic investment in land and water is an essential precondition for enhancing productivity of agriculture besides generation and dissemination of technology across different agro climatic conditions in the country. The proportion of investment in agriculture, with a single exception of irrigation infrastructure , however ,has undergone significant decline owing to a number of reasons emanating mainly from the neo-liberal economic policies adapted since 1990’s. Public investment in land and water resources and other economic infrastructure, ideally, could provide significant boost to the farm economics, particularly, in regions with low-endowment and limited agronomic potential.
About 55% of our agriculture is rain fed where delayed, deficient or erratic rains lead to severe reduction in crop output and even total crop failure and only one is typically cultivated in a fear. In India, rain-fed areas account for 60% of the net sown area and 55% of the gross cropped area. Almost half of our food crop area, over two-thirds of the non-food crop area and over 50% of our horticulture is rain fed. Rain-fed areas produce 40% cereals, 60% cotton, 75% oilseeds, 85% pulses and support 40% human and 60% livestock population. The Commitment to feed the increasing population with diminishing availability of land and water would largely require successful restoration and conservation of these resources. Poverty alleviation with a strong commitment for conservation of natural resources would be the first challenge of the 21st century. The main aim of the MGNREGA is to strengthen the natural resource base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas. A rain-fed area of Madurai District is taken to study the effect of the MGNREGA watershed works on the area of cultivation of irrigated crops.
MGNREGA
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 was passed unanimously by the Lok Sabha on August 23, 2005. It came into force in 200 districts on Feb 2, 2006. This act was launched in the form of NREGA which was guided by the success of the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Act (MEGA). MEGA has been functioning in the state of Maharashtra since 1976. The NREGA provides a legal right for a hundred days of employment to each rural household whose adult members are willing to perform unskilled manual work. In the first phase, 200 of the most backward districts of the country were covered. In the second phase, 130 districts were covered while, in the third phase, the remaining 265 districts were covered. This Scheme has been implemented in 596 districts in the country. The NREGA -2006 was renamed as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in October, 2009. The main objective of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is to enhance livelihood security through generation assets, protecting environment, empowering rural women , reducing migration and fostering social equality.
Promotional Activities implemented by MGNREGA
· Rural connectivity for all – weather access including culverts and drainage facilities wherever necessary.
· Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas.
· Renovation of traditional water bodies including desiliting of tanks .
· Improved states of beneficiaries of land reforms or the beneficiaries of the Rural Housing Scheme namely Indira Awass Yojona.
· Irrigational canals including micro and minor irrigation works.
· Drought proofing including afforestation and tree plantation .
· Water conservation and water harvesting,
· Other works notified by the Central Government after due consultations , that promote employment generation and land development .
MGNREGA and EMPLOYMENT GENERATION:
The MGNREGA with the aim to reduce poverty has generated huge employment opportunities to the rural livelihood. The MGNREGA can target development using huge demand for casual jobs. It has made a dent on poverty, by increasing employment opportunities.
Employment Generated in India during– 06 – 07 to 11 – 12 National Review (Rs.in crores)
Details
|
2006-07
|
2007-08
|
2008-09
|
2009-10
|
2010-11
|
2011-12
|
Total Job cards issued
|
3.76
|
6.48
|
9.44
|
10.72
|
10.24
|
------
|
Employment provided to households
|
2.10
|
3.39
|
4.51
|
5.25
|
4.425
|
3.78
|
Person Days total
|
90.5
|
143.59
|
216.32
|
165.72
|
124.98
|
120.88
|
SCS
|
22.95
|
39.36
|
62.88
|
33.54
|
28.34
|
27.4
|
ST’s
|
32.98
|
42.07
|
54.51
|
27.92
|
21.33
|
20.69
|
Women
|
36.79
|
61.15
|
102.73
|
77.50
|
64.68
|
59.82
|
Others
|
34.56
|
62.16
|
98.93
|
104.26
|
75.31
|
72.73
|
Source www.nrega.nic.in
During the first year of implementation (2006-07) in 200 districts, 2.10 crore households were employed and 90.5 crore person days were generated. In 2007-08, 3.39 crore households were provided employment and 143.59 crore person days were generated in 330 districts. In 2008-09, 4.51 crore households have been provided employment and 216.32 crore person days have been generated across the country .In 2009-10, 5.25 crore and in 2010-11, 4.425 crore households have been provided employment. During the current financial year, it has provided employment to 3.78 crore households and generated 120.88 crore person days of employment up to 8th feb 2012. In total, the MGNREGA was generated 861.99 crore person days of employment from its inception. The Act has inaugurated a remarkable process for the empowerment of the poor. The Act is particularly a tool of empowerment for the most vulnerable sections of the village communities as they are also victims of social exclusion and political marginalization. The downtrodden people of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe live below poverty line were provided an employment of 413.97 person days which constitutes 48 percent to the total employment provided.
Relevance of the Study
Several empirical studies are supports that available on the role of MGNREGA in achieving livelihood security and promoting sustainable development. These studies depicts that MGNREGA programme has shown mixed results so for in rural India. Ratnam. Sudarshan (2010) reports that improved productivity were encounter in the course of the field work, in one panchayat in Kerala, it was reported that a large tank restoration job in 2007 turned single crop rice fields into double crop areas. Harish. et.al (2011) report that the MGNREGA was improved the labour scarcity for agriculture, and labour availability before MGNREGA implementation was 1.9 of person days, with a labour scarcity of 32.14 percent. With the implementation of the programme, the labour availability was of 0.3 person days only, which lead to acute labour scarcity of 89.29 percent. Thus the absolute scarcity due to MGNREGA was of 51.14 percent
Need and Significance of the Study
The study conducted in Nuapada, Orissa and Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh observed the impact of assets by looking mainly at the people’s perceptions about the long-term impacts of the Act on their livelihoods. The study validates that assets created under MGNREGA have been conducive to the geographical-ecological environment, have been useful and have contributed towards natural resource regeneration. There has also been an increase in the net irrigated area in sample districts; around 55 percent of the respondents reported an increase of 371.6 acres (150.4 hectares) under crops. (CSE.,2009)
The study conducted in Karnataka (Bidar and Davangere districts) Kerala (Pallakad and Wayanad districts),in Uttar Pradesh (Mirzapur and Gorakhpur districts) and Jharkhand (Godda and Saraikela Kharsawan districts) suggests that works under MGNREGA have stabilized existing cropping cycles through the timely provision of water as well as increased the gross cropped area by retaining enough soil moisture and irrigation water for a second or even third crop. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA has become a very important instrument for maintaining a large number of public assets wearing off for want of repair. Work on public land foregrounds the question of rights to resources. The labour of the landless poor earns those wages but does it create rights to use the benefits generated from their labour. Mahatma Gandhi NREGA is actually showing a way, providing an opportunity to redeem the tragedy of the commons (ISWSD., 2006)
An ecological act is one of the best features of the MGNREGA as it designates a balance between human action and natural resources creating a sustainable economic security through green jobs. MGNREGA has also been able to contribute to ecological restoration through its design. According to findings of a pilot study conducted by the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (2010) in Chitradurga district of Karnataka, there is an increase in groundwater level, increase in water percolation, and an improvement in soil fertility leading to improved land productivity. In addition to these findings, there has also been a reduction in water vulnerability and livelihood vulnerability in these areas. The study indicates that MGNREGA has some in-built limitations such as only a focus on employment, activities not implemented according to a plan, spatially or time-wise, and disconnected and scattered implementation of activities to name a few. But many of the MGNREGA activities still have the potential to provide environmental services, conserve and enhance natural resources (soil, water, and grass and forest resources).
So there is a need to identify such full-proof activities that improve the soil, water, grass and forest resources, even without micro-plans or watershed plans. Investment in Mahatma Gandhi NREGA activities, given the scale and importance, should lead to sustained flow of benefits such as employment, income, water supply, food and grass production. And suggests the policy makers to improve the MGNREGA works to contribute the sustainable development rural India.
Methodology
The secondary data available in the Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Tamil Nadu and Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of India, web site (www.MGNREGA.nic.in) are used for the purpose of the study .The Block statistical Handbook of Usilampatty and the village “G” returns of the Usilampatty block are also used for analysis. The data related to the financial year 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, and Agricultural Fasali year 1418, 1419, 1420 data are used for the study purpose.
Objectives of the Study
· To explain the Quantum of Employment Generated.
· To measure the participation of Vulnerable group of people in the rural areas in the MGNREGA scheme
· To analyze the effect of watershed works of MGNREGA on Cultivation area of irrigated crops.
· To suggest the policy makers to frame the better polices related to MGNREGA.
Area of the Study
The study was carried out in Usilampatty block of Madurai district , which is a backward area of Madurai district and a Rain–fed block, and which is not covered under system tank irrigation schemes of Periyar –Vaigai river Basin. The block has 20 revenue villages and 131 habitations (block statistical hand book 2009-10). The total geographical area of the block is 25,841 hectare which constitutes 7 % of Madurai district. The total cropped area of the block constitutes 35 % (9170 hectares) of the total geographical area of the block .The major crops cultivated the block is paddy, cholam, cumbu, cotton and sugarcane. The rain-fed crops like cholam, cumbu, pulses and oilseeds are grown in this block. The block has 3 large tanks and 28 small village tanks (kanmai) and 4319 dug wells are the source of irrigation for the agricultural cultivation (2010). The people were unemployed and are migrating to other states for employment during lean season. This block was selected for the purpose to show the impacts of watershed works done by MGNREGA in area of cultivation.
MGNREGA Works in the study area:
According to 2001 population data of the study the women represents only 48 percent but they receives 69 percent of employment says that they are the real beneficiaries of the scheme.
Employment generated under MGNREGA Watershed works in Usilampatty Block.
Year
|
Household demanded Employment
|
Household provided Employment
|
Household completed 100 days of Employment
|
Employment Generated (in person days)
| ||||
SC
|
ST
|
Others
|
Total
|
Women
| ||||
09-10
|
14207
|
14195
|
1040 (7)*
|
93439
|
123
|
569179
|
662741
|
487288
|
10-11
|
19169
|
18590
|
1075 (6)
|
113445
|
415
|
776914
|
890801
|
595934
|
11-12
|
16680
|
16045
|
27 (2)
|
54641
|
45
|
328276
|
382962
|
258573
|
Total
|
50056
|
48830
|
2142 (4)
|
261525
|
583
|
1674396
|
1936504
|
1341795
|
*Figures with in the parentheses indicate percentage to total
** source www.mgnrega.nic.in
The MGNREGA has generated 19.36 lakhs of person days for the last three years and it has provided 13.42 lakhs of employment to women which represent 69 percent to the total. 2.61 lakhs of employment to schedule caste people which represents 13 percent to the total person days. It is interesting to record that the first foremost aim of providing 100 days employment of the scheme was not fulfilled in the study area. So far the scheme has provided 100 days of employment for only 4 percent of the demanded households. During the current financial year, it is only 2 percent.
Creation of Productive and Durable Assets in Rural Areas:
Land and water bodies centric MGNREGA is a growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the process of providing employment on works that address causes of chronic poverty such as drought, deforestation and soil erosion, the act seeks to strengthen the natural resource base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas effectively implemented MGNREGA has the potential to transform the geography of poverty.
PANCHAYAT WISE MGNREGA WORKS AND EXPENDITURE- USILAMPATTY BLOCK 2009-2011
In the three financial year around 244 works were undertaken in the block and an amount of Rs.1404.31 lacs were spent for these works, out of 244 works only five works to the tune of Rs. 12.90 Lacs were spent for rural road connectivity, all the remaining amount were earmarked for watershed works like renovation of traditional water bodies(214), water conservation and water harvesting(23) and micro irrigation(2).
(Rs in lacs)
Sl.No
|
Name of the Village Panchayats
|
2009-10
|
2010-2011
|
2011-12
| ||||||
No.of works
|
Labour Expenditure
|
Material Expenditure
|
No.of works
|
Labour Expenditure
|
Material Expenditure
|
No.of works
|
Labour Expenditure
|
Material Expenditure
| ||
1
|
Alligundam
|
3
|
15.09403
|
0
|
5
|
40.4667
|
0
|
7
|
24.798
|
0
|
2
|
Thoddappanaickanur
|
3
|
28.16925
|
0
|
6
|
46.1887
|
0
|
6
|
24.534
|
0
|
3
|
Erumarpatty
|
4
|
11.25025
|
0
|
4
|
34.3539
|
0
|
5
|
16.865
|
0
|
4
|
Jothilnayakkanur
|
3
|
12.31397
|
0
|
4
|
12.5117
|
0
|
4
|
8.5532
|
0
|
5
|
Kalluthu
|
1
|
29.2324
|
0
|
5
|
60.1937
|
0
|
5
|
27.454
|
0
|
6
|
Keeripatty
|
1
|
7.35005
|
0
|
2
|
19.1476
|
0
|
3
|
14.502
|
0
|
7
|
Manoothu
|
2
|
10.57855
|
0
|
3
|
21.0626
|
0
|
4
|
6.2109
|
0
|
8
|
Meikkilarpatty
|
3
|
22.72345
|
0
|
3
|
42.619
|
0
|
4
|
29.075
|
0
|
9
|
Naduppatty
|
3
|
32.95769
|
0
|
4
|
68.7388
|
0
|
6
|
33.961
|
0
|
10
|
Nakkalapatty
|
3
|
20.62895
|
0
|
5
|
44.2622
|
0
|
6
|
17.34
|
0
|
11
|
Nalluthevanpatt
|
4
|
15.3363
|
0
|
7
|
19.0214
|
0
|
8
|
11.197
|
0.006
|
12
|
Pothampatty
|
4
|
21.04365
|
0
|
5
|
48.4967
|
0
|
6
|
15.925
|
0
|
13
|
Raajakkapatti
|
6
|
13.19075
|
0
|
7
|
38.8087
|
0
|
8
|
16.726
|
0
|
14
|
Seemanuthu
|
4
|
21.88898
|
0
|
4
|
26.9708
|
0
|
5
|
13.224
|
0
|
15
|
Thimmanatham
|
3
|
28.2983
|
0
|
5
|
57.1622
|
0
|
6
|
27.883
|
0
|
16
|
Uthappanaickkanur
|
2
|
28.8938
|
0
|
3
|
55.3462
|
0
|
5
|
29.62
|
0
|
17
|
Vadugapatty
|
3
|
8.88526
|
0
|
5
|
22.2899
|
0
|
5
|
5.2842
|
0
|
18
|
Vagurani
|
5
|
27.2636
|
0
|
8
|
47.4274
|
0
|
9
|
17.992
|
0
|
TOTAL
|
57
|
355.0992
|
0
|
85
|
705.07
|
0
|
102
|
341.15
|
0.006
| |
*sources www.mgnrega.nic.in
In the total expenditure of 1403.31 lacs only Rs.6000 was spent on material, the remaining 1041.25 lacs was spent for labour. The act guideline provides 60% allotment for labour and 40% for material, but in the study area more than 99 percent of the fund was spent to labour as wage. An average each work has taken for more than Rs.5.74 lacs. In all the three years each village panchayat got more than 77.80 lacs under MENRGEA scheme.
Details of the cropped area of the Usilampatty Block
Sl.NO
|
Fasali year
|
Cropped area
|
Total
|
% of irrigated area to total
|
Rainfall
| |
Irrigated
|
Un irrigated
| |||||
1
|
1418
|
4221
|
6116
|
10337
|
40.83
|
880.6
|
2
|
1419
|
4187
|
3702
|
7889
|
53.07
|
803.1
|
3
|
1420
|
4811
|
4360
|
9170
|
52.46
|
1204.0
|
Source, Block Statistical Handbook of Usilampatty, 2009, 2010, 2011.
The share of irrigated area to the total cultivated area during the year 2008-09 was 41 percent; it has increased to 53 percent in the year 2009-10, where the total rainfall decreased to 803.1(-73.5) mm. The overall cultivation area has decreased to 24 percent when compare to previous year, thus the negative effect was not affected the irrigated crops due to the proper storage of the village tanks because of the renovation works of MGNREGA. 620 hectares of irrigated corps has increased due to rainfall as well as the works done by MGNREGA in the year 2010-11.
USILAMPATTY BLOCK VILLAGE WISE IRRIGATED AREAS
Slno
|
Name of the Revenue Village
|
2008-09
|
2009-10
|
2010-11
| ||||
AREA (in hectares)
|
% to Total cropped area
|
AREA(in hectares)
|
% to Total cropped area
|
AREA(in hectares)
|
% to Total cropped area
| |||
1
|
Alligundam
|
248.02.0
|
35
|
430.18.0
|
71
|
236.0605
|
39
| |
2
|
Thoddappanaickanur
|
691.68.5
|
67
|
702.17.0
|
60
|
815.62.0
|
65
| |
3
|
Erumarpatty
|
89.16.0
|
19
|
83.03.5
|
24
|
196.51.5
|
39
| |
4
|
Jothilnayakkanur
|
85.34.5
|
23
|
94.89.0
|
24
|
135.77.0
|
36
| |
5
|
Kalluthu
|
275.21.5
|
56
|
265.23.0
|
70
|
236.28.5
|
75
| |
6
|
Keeripatty
|
63.88.0
|
28
|
71.31.0
|
48
|
75.81.0
|
50
| |
7
|
Manoothu
|
101.12.0
|
21
|
117.79.5
|
32
|
153.75.5
|
20
| |
8
|
Meikkilarpatty
|
52.44.5
|
19
|
76.04.5
|
50
|
47.96.5
|
32
| |
9
|
Naduppatty
|
316.20.0
|
57
|
329.69.0
|
60
|
300.65.0
|
53
| |
10
|
Nakkalapatty
|
434.67.0
|
58
|
277.26.5
|
90
|
425.87.0
|
85
| |
11
|
Nalluthevanpatty
|
147.65.5
|
35
|
149.12.0
|
73
|
129.17.0
|
71
| |
12
|
Pothampatty
|
484.02.5
|
38
|
387.22.5
|
47
|
546.01.0
|
68
| |
13
|
Usilampatty
|
263.78.5
|
44
|
291.74.0
|
47
|
298.18.0
|
36
| |
14
|
Seemanuthu
|
137.11.0
|
40
|
177.06.0
|
51
|
225.98.5
|
67
| |
15
|
Thimmanatham
|
202.45
|
47
|
116.19
|
42
|
237.48
|
58
| |
16
|
Uthappanaickkanur
|
287.72.0
|
55
|
224.90.0
|
56
|
300.97.0
|
79
| |
17
|
Vagurani
|
183.56.5
|
23
|
163.88.5
|
33
|
295.14.0
|
49
| |
18
|
Ayan Mattuppaty
|
23.12.0
|
16
|
66.40.0
|
69
|
51.11.5
|
42
| |
19
|
Sikkampatty
|
58.77.0
|
37
|
66.23.5
|
66
|
47.63.5
|
48
| |
20
|
Thummalappaty
|
75.34.0
|
41
|
96.32.5
|
74
|
54.66.0
|
42
| |
TOTAL
|
4221.26
|
---
|
4186.69
|
1087
|
4810.6455
|
-
| ||
Rainfall
|
880.6
|
803.1
|
1204.0
| |||||
Source, Village “G” Return.
Irrigated crops area was increases every year in all the tested villages except three villages. In the year 2009 – 10 the area of irrigated crops in eight villages has increased more than 20 percent, five villages increased more than 10 percent when compare to the previous year even the rainfall of the block was less than the previous year. In the year 2010 –11 the area of irrigated crops in ten villages were increased more than 20 percent and in four villages increased more than 10 percent when compared to the year 2008 – 09. More than 70 % of the villages the area of irrigated crops were increased in the study area due to the increase in the storage level of village tanks which was renovated under MGNREGA works.
The four villages namely Alligundam, Meikkilarpatty, Nalluthevarpatty and Ayanmattupatty the irrigation area was doubled during the year 2000–10 when compare to previous year. The investment in village tank renovation in these villages during the year 2009 –10 was 80.40 lac, the work were started during the month of June, July, August and has made the way to store the rainwater of October, November, December of that year, this has made change in the cultivation area of irrigated crops in these villages. This increased area of cultivation has increased the productivity of the village as well as the economic status of these village farmers. So, there is an evidence to proof that the MGNREGA has contributed much for the livelihood security of the village as well as the food security of the Nation.
Findings of the Study:
· MGNREGEA has provided employment to 1936504 person days, and it has provided more employment to the women and Scheduled caste people.
* MGNREGEA has created Durable Natural assets in the study area; this investment on durable assets has increased the area of irrigated crops.
* The area of cultivation has been doubled in some villages and majority of the villages the cultivation area was increased due to MGNREGA works in the study area.
· MGNREGEA has not provided 100 days of employment even those demanded employment. The beneficiaries are employed 100 days are very meager.
· The works taken up in this study area has provided 99 percent labour component which is more than the guidelines of MGNREGA.
Conclusion:
The great significance of MGNREGA comes from its potential in reduction of poverty and its continuous income. As it is an employment guarantee focused on asset creating works that are labour intensive. Thus it can deal with problems of employment, rural development and agricultural growth simultaneously. The Act makes it mandatory that the total cost incurred by a panchayat 60 percent towards wage employment and 40 percent towards material cost, where as in the study area it has contributed near about 100 percent labour component. But at the same time the villagers never got 100 days of employment even they demanded for it. They got only 39 days of work, and they were not at all paid any unemployment allowance too. So rural livelihood security is of the block still is in problem. Much of what needs to be done to develop rain-fed areas is labour intensive and would create large scale employment and reduce poverty in villages on the way to opening the doors to rural prosperity. Introducing the adequately funding and appropriately implementing the systematical revised plans for the MGNREGA works relates to watershed schemes to create and unlearn the requisite productive capacities for advancing agricultural growth to provide employment opportunity and remove the poverty in rural India.
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Village G Return Usilampatty Block Fasali 1418,1419,1420.
