( copy of the paper presented in a workshop held at NIRD on 21-22 JAN-2011 in the topic of Watersheds and Poverty Alleviation)
Impact of Watershed works of MGNREGA on poverty alleviation – a micro level study.
S.KRISHNAN
Introduction
In India, our rural masses lack the basic infrastructure facilities to sustain their life. Rural India constitutes about 72 percent of the total population. Their small holdings provide them with minimal yield to support their existence. The opportunities to have better standard of living in rural areas of our country are minimal. Eradication of poverty and unemployment, both interrelated, still remains an elusive goal for most developing countries. So, the Indian policy makers had foreseen that the menace of growing population and lack of employment opportunities in the country would create a serious situation of unemployment. The private sector will not be able to cope up with the growing unemployment. It would, therefore be the duty of the state to generate employment opportunities.
The Right to work is referred in the constitution of India under the Directive Principles of state policy. Article 43 of the constitution of India requires, overall, the elected government of the state to secure for all its citizens work, a living standard of life. It has been stressed under article 41 that the state shall with in the limits of it, economic capacity and development, make effective provision of securing the right of work..India accounts for an over whelming number of the poor in the world. Out of the 456 million poor people in the country 75percent are living in the rural areas. About 25 percent rural households have no income generating assets and 80 percent of farmers being small and marginal, have inadequate land or poor quality of assets with meager or no irrigation facilities. The problem of perpetual and pernicious poverty, more particularly in the rural areas, has been deeply rooted among rural households during half of the year. Chronic unemployment for a large part of the year is prevalent in tribal desert and drought prone areas. The situation becomes very pathetic when the monsoon fails.
Unemployment
The NSSO (61st round) reveals that the unemployment rate based on current status in 2004-05 for female is 8.7 percent in the rural areas and 11.6 percent in the urban areas. The labour force will increase by 520 lakhs during the 11th plan period based on the growth of working age population. If the current trend of more women seeking jobs continues, mostly in rural areas, the labour force will be around 650 lakhs. This increase will be in addition to the current 350 lakhs unemployed. So India has to provide employment to around 1000 lakhs people. Most of them in rural areas.
Origin of the scheme
The employment programmes usually create causal jobs and work more as supplementary source of employment in times of crisis. An evaluation of the SGRY done by the urban rural development ministry in 2004 finds that 14.3 percent officials, across the states in India, reported the use of contractor in the implementation of the scheme thus reducing employment and increasing corruption. In Orissa according to the evaluation 92.4 percent of works was implemented through contractors.
The EGS of Maharastra is the only precedent to NREGA with guarantee clause. Its performance remains bench mark for both success and failure. Maharastra has spent over Rs. 10,824 crores on its EGS programme from 1975 to 2005,covering 27831 gram panchayats in its 33 districts. Maharastra’s EGS is a typical example of the problems marring our wage employment programmes.
Between 1975 to 2005 a total of 580244 EGS works were undertaken ranging from minor irrigation to afforestation the maximum being of soil conservation and land development (367065)
In this regard, an initiative taken up by the Govt. of India is going to create history. The Govt launched a statutory National Rural Employment Scheme in February 2006, in the selected, poor rural 200 districts of the country. It was further extended to 113 districts in April 2007 and it is now operational in all the 614 districts from April 2008.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
Performance of NREGA
Over the four years since it became operational, the NREGA (2005) has had a positive impact on the levels of millions of people across the poorest district in the country. In particular, it holds the powerful prospect of bringing major changes in the lives of women. It has been rechristened as the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on the occasion of the 140th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi in October 2009. Ratna M. Sundarshan (2010) observed from his field work that many women have been persuaded to come out of house for work for the first time in response to this programme in both Rajasthan and Kerala. In Malapuzha, Kerala the scheme has encouraged widows and elderly women to participate. The potential of the programme allowing women to make some savings was observed every where.
Table 1.1 Employment Status of NREGA – 2006 – 07 – 2010 – 11
Details 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
(18.12.2010)
Total Job cards issued 3.76 6.48 9.44 10.72 10.24
Employment provided to households 2.10 3.39 4.50 4.07 3.71
Person Days total 90.5 143.59 214.56 165.72 124.98
(in crores)
SCS 22.95 39.36 62.88 33.54 28.34
ST’s 32.98 42.07 54.51 27.92 21.33
Women 36.79 61.15 102.73 77.50 64.68
Others 34.56 62.16 97.17 104.26 75.31
Source www.nrega.nic.in
So far the scheme has provided employment to 17.77crores of households and generated 739.35 crores of persondays from its inception.
Water conservation works of MGNRGES
The study on soil and water conservation works through MGNREGS in Andhra Pradesh by K.Kareemulla et al (2009) reveals that in Andhra Pradesh, soil and water conservation works(SWC) have accounted for over 80 percent. The share of labour wages under the scheme has been 80 percent with only 20 percent for material, which is well within the prescribed norm of 40 percent for the later. The field survey in the Ananthapur District has indicated that almost two-thirds of the beneficiaries are farmers. The scheme has brought down the migration level from about 27 percent to only 7 percent in the study villages. The linear regression function has brought out that the number of family members participating in the MGNREGS earnings are is significantly influenced by income from other sources, family size and land holdings.
The study of Centre for science and environment (2008) reveals that NRGEA has had a positive impact on agriculture in the districts through improved access to irrigation. Prior to NREGA, sources for irrigation were very few only one crop was sown in Rabi. Post MGNREGA with the construction of ponds, tanks and wells on SC,ST land, irrigation facilities have shown a marked improvement. A number of households have even diversified into the cultivation of vegetables. A number of SC,ST households reported a second crop in Karif along with a crop in Rabi Season. The respondents of Sidhi District of Madya Pradesh have reported an increase in area after the work under MGNREGA over the last 2 years. Around 55% of the respondents together report an increase of 371.6 acres area under crops. This land was previously left fallow. There has been a change in cropping pattern as well with a number of respondents switching over to wheat, rice in a few cases from traditional millets. Around 55% of the respondents reported diversification of crops over previous years. Crops like jowar. Bajre, Kodo, Makka and Arhar have been replaced by wheat, gram and vegetables due to increased irrigation availability.
IT reveals that out of the 2,62,902 works completed during the year 2010-11, 212, 605 works were water conservation works .It amounts to 73% of the total work in National level. At the same time on the part of onging works water conservation works constitutes 79% to the total. In Tamilnadu 68% of the total expenditure on completed works were spent on water conservation works and it also constitutes 83% in the ongoing works.
Water conservation works are given more importance than other works. In Madurai District 90% of works taken up were water conservation works. In the Block level, the Thiruppurankundram Block has taken 88 percent of works on water conservation which achieves the MGNREGA goals laid down in MGNREGA guidelines – 2008
Objectives
The objectives of the study is(i) to identify that the investment made on the watershed works and changes in the cultivation area, cropping pattern. (ii)To analyze the Quantum of employment generated in the village level (iii)and to analyze the extent of gross root democracy.
Methodology
The Madurai District has two Development Divisions with 13 Blocks.The study has selected purposively based on the 90 percent of MGNREGA works are related to minor irrigation works.The present study follows descriptive method which describes the current status of the MGNREGA scheme.The study is based on primary and secondary data and the data were analysised using simple percentage method. The study village Vadivelkarai is located in Thiruppurankundaram block of Madurai South Taluk in Madurai District – Tamil Nadu.
The total households as per 2001 census is 470 and its population is 2001 among which 1033 male 968 female. The total scheduled caste population of the village is 312 (male 153, female 159). The literates of the village is 1299 which constitutes 64 percentage to the total population.
As per the House demand register as on date 650 Household are in the village, out of which 125 (19% ) are scheduled caste.
Table 2.1 classification of workers as per 2001 census
Cultivators 100 (5%)
Agricultural labours 202 (10%)
Other Workers 429 (22%)
Marginal Workers 202 (10%)
Non Workers 1068 (53%)
Total 2001 (100%)
The total geographical area of the village is 203.25 hectares.
Table 2.2 Land classification (in hectares)
Details 2009-1418
Fasali 2010-1419 Fasali
1) Forest - -
2) Barren and uncultivable land - -
3) Land put to non agricultural use 75.16.5 75.16.5
4) Cultivatable waste - -
5) Permanent pastures and other grazing land - -
6) Land under misc.trees and groves - -
7) Current follows 3.10.5 3.70.5
8) Other follows 67.69.0 50.60.5
9) Net area sown 57.29.5 73.78.0
10) Geographical area 203.25.5 203.25.5
11) Total Cropped area 57.29.5 73.78.0
Source – Village “G” Written Fasali 1418,1419.
Table 2.3 Cropping pattern (in hectares)
Crops 1418
Fasali 1419
Fasali
Paddy 53.94 70.53.5
Chillies 0.05 -
Sugar cane 0.98.5 1.00.5
Banana 0.65.5 1.50.5
Brinjal 0.93.5 -
Coconut 0.69.5 0.70.0
Tamarind - 0.03.0
Mango - 0.00.5
Total 57.26.0 73.78.0
Rain fall 909.5 524.5
Source: Village “G” written Fasali 1418,1419.
Table 2.4 works taken up in the study village under MGNREGS
Sl.No Name of the works Year 2008-09
Rs. in lakhs Year 2009-2010
Rs. in lakhs
1) Channel Improvement – Niliyoor channel 3.40 -
2) Vadivel Kari minor irrigation tank Deepening 10.00 14.00
3) Mailanendal minor irrigation tank Deepening 3.20 11.00
4) Keeladi Channel Improvement - 5.50
5) Pudukkulam Channel Improvement - 3.55
Total 16.60 34.05
Source : Primary data collected in the field .
Impact of MGNREGS in the study village
The Gram sabha has approved the works to renovate the water bodies of the village. The president and the people implemented the work in full faith. During the deepening of the village tank with help of the village people vacated the encroachment by private persons in the catchment area of around 10 acres of land were vacated. Due to this, the storage capacity of the village tank has increased and it has reflected in the cultivation of paddy area. The area of cultivation of paddy has increased from 57.29.5 hectares to 73.78 hectares. The rainfall during this period has decreased from 909.5mm to 524.5mm. The little rainfall has been properly stored and the cultivation area has increased. Due to the increased storage of water the area left as fallow during the previous year, was brought into cultivation this year. Due to the deepening of tanks the cultivation area increased from 28% to 36% to the total area of the village.This impact accrued due to the implementation of the MGNREGA in the study area.
Impact of paddy production
The paddy cultivation area has increased from 54 hectares to 71 hectares, this means an increase of 17 hectares of paddy cultivation. The production per hectare of paddy in Tamilnadu during 2008-09 was 2682kg.Therefore paddy cultivation has increased to the level of 45594 kg in the village. This impact in turn has increased the income of the cultivators and their purchasing power.
Impact on people participation
The gram panchayat has placed the work plan of deepening of Vadivelkarai minor irrigation work in the gram sabha. Few persons have objected to take up this work, because they have illegally occupied the catchment area of the tank and the area used for cultivation. Because of the strong commitment of the panchayat president and panchayat clerkand with the support of the people of the village the programme could be implemented successfully.
Table 2.5 MGNREGA status in the study area.
Job cards issued Persondays generated Total
2009-10 2010-11 2009-2010 2010-11 up
1) SC 84 86 3887 3491 7378
2) Others 305 332 13703 11358 25061
3) Total 397 418 17590 14849 32439
4) Women - - 15706 13141 28847
5) H.Hs got employment 291 334 625 - -
6) H.Hs.Completed 100 days employment - - 63 25 88
7) Average wage paid 80 95 ---
Source : Primary data collected in the field
During the year 2009-10 there were 397 household registered for employment under MGNREGA which constitutes 61 percent to the total households of the village (House demand register).Further out of the total housholds 67 percent of them register under MGNREGA during 2009-10 and it increased by 2%(69 percent)during 2010-2011.This shows that the coverage of SC households has increased.
During the year 2009-10 291 household were got employment which represents 73 percent to the total registered households. During the year 2010-11 it has increased to 80 percent of the total household registered. This also shows increased involvement of people in the scheme.
17590 man days of employments were generated during the year 2009-10 and it is 14849 during the current financial year. In the village, work was sanctioned during 2008-2009 but work started in 2009-10. The scheme has generated 32439 person days of employment through MGNREGA from its inception to the villagers. The work undertaken in the programme were helped to renovate and conserve the water bodies and water channels.
conclusion:
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, and the goal of MGNREGA is making sustainable development of agricultural economy, by strengthening the natural resource base of the villages. This has been fully achieved in this village. The MGNREGA has increased the cultivation area even though rain fall has been less. So, the water conservation work directly provided employment and indirectly improved the standard of living of the farmers by making changes in cropping pattern.
Reference :
1) Kareemulla .K., Srinivas Reddy.K., Ramarao C.A., Shalander Kumar and Venkateswarlu.B. `Soil and water conservation works through national rural employment Guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Andhra Pradesh. An analysis of livelihood impact`. Agricultural Economic Research Review Vol.22 2009 pp 443-450.
2) Naganagoud S.P. and Uliveppa H.H `Rural Poverty alleviation in India : Contribution of MGNREGA` mainstream July 30,August 5 2010 – p 31-34.
3) Kataria.S.K., `Developing Social Capital through NREGS` social welfare August 2010 pp 12-17.
4) Krishnan.S. Poverty in India www.keetru.com
5) www.nrega.nic.in
6) Vadivelkarai village G Written Fasali 1418,1419.
7) Centre for Science and environment report prepared for the ministry of Rural development Govt of India-2008.
8) Statistical Handbook-Thirupparankundram Block 2008-09.
9) Prasanta Bauri ”NREGA:Growth of sustainable rural economyand livelihood security-a case study of purulia district” Economic Affairs:vol-55 No.2 june,2010 p 168-179.
10) Amita Shah and Sunny Jose”Asset creation and local economy under NREGs:Scope and Challengs” Working Paper No.193. April 2009.
maduraisuki@gmail.com
94428-82923
Impact of Watershed works of MGNREGA on poverty alleviation – a micro level study.
S.KRISHNAN
Introduction
In India, our rural masses lack the basic infrastructure facilities to sustain their life. Rural India constitutes about 72 percent of the total population. Their small holdings provide them with minimal yield to support their existence. The opportunities to have better standard of living in rural areas of our country are minimal. Eradication of poverty and unemployment, both interrelated, still remains an elusive goal for most developing countries. So, the Indian policy makers had foreseen that the menace of growing population and lack of employment opportunities in the country would create a serious situation of unemployment. The private sector will not be able to cope up with the growing unemployment. It would, therefore be the duty of the state to generate employment opportunities.
The Right to work is referred in the constitution of India under the Directive Principles of state policy. Article 43 of the constitution of India requires, overall, the elected government of the state to secure for all its citizens work, a living standard of life. It has been stressed under article 41 that the state shall with in the limits of it, economic capacity and development, make effective provision of securing the right of work..India accounts for an over whelming number of the poor in the world. Out of the 456 million poor people in the country 75percent are living in the rural areas. About 25 percent rural households have no income generating assets and 80 percent of farmers being small and marginal, have inadequate land or poor quality of assets with meager or no irrigation facilities. The problem of perpetual and pernicious poverty, more particularly in the rural areas, has been deeply rooted among rural households during half of the year. Chronic unemployment for a large part of the year is prevalent in tribal desert and drought prone areas. The situation becomes very pathetic when the monsoon fails.
Unemployment
The NSSO (61st round) reveals that the unemployment rate based on current status in 2004-05 for female is 8.7 percent in the rural areas and 11.6 percent in the urban areas. The labour force will increase by 520 lakhs during the 11th plan period based on the growth of working age population. If the current trend of more women seeking jobs continues, mostly in rural areas, the labour force will be around 650 lakhs. This increase will be in addition to the current 350 lakhs unemployed. So India has to provide employment to around 1000 lakhs people. Most of them in rural areas.
Origin of the scheme
The employment programmes usually create causal jobs and work more as supplementary source of employment in times of crisis. An evaluation of the SGRY done by the urban rural development ministry in 2004 finds that 14.3 percent officials, across the states in India, reported the use of contractor in the implementation of the scheme thus reducing employment and increasing corruption. In Orissa according to the evaluation 92.4 percent of works was implemented through contractors.
The EGS of Maharastra is the only precedent to NREGA with guarantee clause. Its performance remains bench mark for both success and failure. Maharastra has spent over Rs. 10,824 crores on its EGS programme from 1975 to 2005,covering 27831 gram panchayats in its 33 districts. Maharastra’s EGS is a typical example of the problems marring our wage employment programmes.
Between 1975 to 2005 a total of 580244 EGS works were undertaken ranging from minor irrigation to afforestation the maximum being of soil conservation and land development (367065)
In this regard, an initiative taken up by the Govt. of India is going to create history. The Govt launched a statutory National Rural Employment Scheme in February 2006, in the selected, poor rural 200 districts of the country. It was further extended to 113 districts in April 2007 and it is now operational in all the 614 districts from April 2008.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of the act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
Performance of NREGA
Over the four years since it became operational, the NREGA (2005) has had a positive impact on the levels of millions of people across the poorest district in the country. In particular, it holds the powerful prospect of bringing major changes in the lives of women. It has been rechristened as the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on the occasion of the 140th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi in October 2009. Ratna M. Sundarshan (2010) observed from his field work that many women have been persuaded to come out of house for work for the first time in response to this programme in both Rajasthan and Kerala. In Malapuzha, Kerala the scheme has encouraged widows and elderly women to participate. The potential of the programme allowing women to make some savings was observed every where.
Table 1.1 Employment Status of NREGA – 2006 – 07 – 2010 – 11
Details 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
(18.12.2010)
Total Job cards issued 3.76 6.48 9.44 10.72 10.24
Employment provided to households 2.10 3.39 4.50 4.07 3.71
Person Days total 90.5 143.59 214.56 165.72 124.98
(in crores)
SCS 22.95 39.36 62.88 33.54 28.34
ST’s 32.98 42.07 54.51 27.92 21.33
Women 36.79 61.15 102.73 77.50 64.68
Others 34.56 62.16 97.17 104.26 75.31
Source www.nrega.nic.in
So far the scheme has provided employment to 17.77crores of households and generated 739.35 crores of persondays from its inception.
Water conservation works of MGNRGES
The study on soil and water conservation works through MGNREGS in Andhra Pradesh by K.Kareemulla et al (2009) reveals that in Andhra Pradesh, soil and water conservation works(SWC) have accounted for over 80 percent. The share of labour wages under the scheme has been 80 percent with only 20 percent for material, which is well within the prescribed norm of 40 percent for the later. The field survey in the Ananthapur District has indicated that almost two-thirds of the beneficiaries are farmers. The scheme has brought down the migration level from about 27 percent to only 7 percent in the study villages. The linear regression function has brought out that the number of family members participating in the MGNREGS earnings are is significantly influenced by income from other sources, family size and land holdings.
The study of Centre for science and environment (2008) reveals that NRGEA has had a positive impact on agriculture in the districts through improved access to irrigation. Prior to NREGA, sources for irrigation were very few only one crop was sown in Rabi. Post MGNREGA with the construction of ponds, tanks and wells on SC,ST land, irrigation facilities have shown a marked improvement. A number of households have even diversified into the cultivation of vegetables. A number of SC,ST households reported a second crop in Karif along with a crop in Rabi Season. The respondents of Sidhi District of Madya Pradesh have reported an increase in area after the work under MGNREGA over the last 2 years. Around 55% of the respondents together report an increase of 371.6 acres area under crops. This land was previously left fallow. There has been a change in cropping pattern as well with a number of respondents switching over to wheat, rice in a few cases from traditional millets. Around 55% of the respondents reported diversification of crops over previous years. Crops like jowar. Bajre, Kodo, Makka and Arhar have been replaced by wheat, gram and vegetables due to increased irrigation availability.
IT reveals that out of the 2,62,902 works completed during the year 2010-11, 212, 605 works were water conservation works .It amounts to 73% of the total work in National level. At the same time on the part of onging works water conservation works constitutes 79% to the total. In Tamilnadu 68% of the total expenditure on completed works were spent on water conservation works and it also constitutes 83% in the ongoing works.
Water conservation works are given more importance than other works. In Madurai District 90% of works taken up were water conservation works. In the Block level, the Thiruppurankundram Block has taken 88 percent of works on water conservation which achieves the MGNREGA goals laid down in MGNREGA guidelines – 2008
Objectives
The objectives of the study is(i) to identify that the investment made on the watershed works and changes in the cultivation area, cropping pattern. (ii)To analyze the Quantum of employment generated in the village level (iii)and to analyze the extent of gross root democracy.
Methodology
The Madurai District has two Development Divisions with 13 Blocks.The study has selected purposively based on the 90 percent of MGNREGA works are related to minor irrigation works.The present study follows descriptive method which describes the current status of the MGNREGA scheme.The study is based on primary and secondary data and the data were analysised using simple percentage method. The study village Vadivelkarai is located in Thiruppurankundaram block of Madurai South Taluk in Madurai District – Tamil Nadu.
The total households as per 2001 census is 470 and its population is 2001 among which 1033 male 968 female. The total scheduled caste population of the village is 312 (male 153, female 159). The literates of the village is 1299 which constitutes 64 percentage to the total population.
As per the House demand register as on date 650 Household are in the village, out of which 125 (19% ) are scheduled caste.
Table 2.1 classification of workers as per 2001 census
Cultivators 100 (5%)
Agricultural labours 202 (10%)
Other Workers 429 (22%)
Marginal Workers 202 (10%)
Non Workers 1068 (53%)
Total 2001 (100%)
The total geographical area of the village is 203.25 hectares.
Table 2.2 Land classification (in hectares)
Details 2009-1418
Fasali 2010-1419 Fasali
1) Forest - -
2) Barren and uncultivable land - -
3) Land put to non agricultural use 75.16.5 75.16.5
4) Cultivatable waste - -
5) Permanent pastures and other grazing land - -
6) Land under misc.trees and groves - -
7) Current follows 3.10.5 3.70.5
8) Other follows 67.69.0 50.60.5
9) Net area sown 57.29.5 73.78.0
10) Geographical area 203.25.5 203.25.5
11) Total Cropped area 57.29.5 73.78.0
Source – Village “G” Written Fasali 1418,1419.
Table 2.3 Cropping pattern (in hectares)
Crops 1418
Fasali 1419
Fasali
Paddy 53.94 70.53.5
Chillies 0.05 -
Sugar cane 0.98.5 1.00.5
Banana 0.65.5 1.50.5
Brinjal 0.93.5 -
Coconut 0.69.5 0.70.0
Tamarind - 0.03.0
Mango - 0.00.5
Total 57.26.0 73.78.0
Rain fall 909.5 524.5
Source: Village “G” written Fasali 1418,1419.
Table 2.4 works taken up in the study village under MGNREGS
Sl.No Name of the works Year 2008-09
Rs. in lakhs Year 2009-2010
Rs. in lakhs
1) Channel Improvement – Niliyoor channel 3.40 -
2) Vadivel Kari minor irrigation tank Deepening 10.00 14.00
3) Mailanendal minor irrigation tank Deepening 3.20 11.00
4) Keeladi Channel Improvement - 5.50
5) Pudukkulam Channel Improvement - 3.55
Total 16.60 34.05
Source : Primary data collected in the field .
Impact of MGNREGS in the study village
The Gram sabha has approved the works to renovate the water bodies of the village. The president and the people implemented the work in full faith. During the deepening of the village tank with help of the village people vacated the encroachment by private persons in the catchment area of around 10 acres of land were vacated. Due to this, the storage capacity of the village tank has increased and it has reflected in the cultivation of paddy area. The area of cultivation of paddy has increased from 57.29.5 hectares to 73.78 hectares. The rainfall during this period has decreased from 909.5mm to 524.5mm. The little rainfall has been properly stored and the cultivation area has increased. Due to the increased storage of water the area left as fallow during the previous year, was brought into cultivation this year. Due to the deepening of tanks the cultivation area increased from 28% to 36% to the total area of the village.This impact accrued due to the implementation of the MGNREGA in the study area.
Impact of paddy production
The paddy cultivation area has increased from 54 hectares to 71 hectares, this means an increase of 17 hectares of paddy cultivation. The production per hectare of paddy in Tamilnadu during 2008-09 was 2682kg.Therefore paddy cultivation has increased to the level of 45594 kg in the village. This impact in turn has increased the income of the cultivators and their purchasing power.
Impact on people participation
The gram panchayat has placed the work plan of deepening of Vadivelkarai minor irrigation work in the gram sabha. Few persons have objected to take up this work, because they have illegally occupied the catchment area of the tank and the area used for cultivation. Because of the strong commitment of the panchayat president and panchayat clerkand with the support of the people of the village the programme could be implemented successfully.
Table 2.5 MGNREGA status in the study area.
Job cards issued Persondays generated Total
2009-10 2010-11 2009-2010 2010-11 up
1) SC 84 86 3887 3491 7378
2) Others 305 332 13703 11358 25061
3) Total 397 418 17590 14849 32439
4) Women - - 15706 13141 28847
5) H.Hs got employment 291 334 625 - -
6) H.Hs.Completed 100 days employment - - 63 25 88
7) Average wage paid 80 95 ---
Source : Primary data collected in the field
During the year 2009-10 there were 397 household registered for employment under MGNREGA which constitutes 61 percent to the total households of the village (House demand register).Further out of the total housholds 67 percent of them register under MGNREGA during 2009-10 and it increased by 2%(69 percent)during 2010-2011.This shows that the coverage of SC households has increased.
During the year 2009-10 291 household were got employment which represents 73 percent to the total registered households. During the year 2010-11 it has increased to 80 percent of the total household registered. This also shows increased involvement of people in the scheme.
17590 man days of employments were generated during the year 2009-10 and it is 14849 during the current financial year. In the village, work was sanctioned during 2008-2009 but work started in 2009-10. The scheme has generated 32439 person days of employment through MGNREGA from its inception to the villagers. The work undertaken in the programme were helped to renovate and conserve the water bodies and water channels.
conclusion:
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, and the goal of MGNREGA is making sustainable development of agricultural economy, by strengthening the natural resource base of the villages. This has been fully achieved in this village. The MGNREGA has increased the cultivation area even though rain fall has been less. So, the water conservation work directly provided employment and indirectly improved the standard of living of the farmers by making changes in cropping pattern.
Reference :
1) Kareemulla .K., Srinivas Reddy.K., Ramarao C.A., Shalander Kumar and Venkateswarlu.B. `Soil and water conservation works through national rural employment Guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Andhra Pradesh. An analysis of livelihood impact`. Agricultural Economic Research Review Vol.22 2009 pp 443-450.
2) Naganagoud S.P. and Uliveppa H.H `Rural Poverty alleviation in India : Contribution of MGNREGA` mainstream July 30,August 5 2010 – p 31-34.
3) Kataria.S.K., `Developing Social Capital through NREGS` social welfare August 2010 pp 12-17.
4) Krishnan.S. Poverty in India www.keetru.com
5) www.nrega.nic.in
6) Vadivelkarai village G Written Fasali 1418,1419.
7) Centre for Science and environment report prepared for the ministry of Rural development Govt of India-2008.
8) Statistical Handbook-Thirupparankundram Block 2008-09.
9) Prasanta Bauri ”NREGA:Growth of sustainable rural economyand livelihood security-a case study of purulia district” Economic Affairs:vol-55 No.2 june,2010 p 168-179.
10) Amita Shah and Sunny Jose”Asset creation and local economy under NREGs:Scope and Challengs” Working Paper No.193. April 2009.
maduraisuki@gmail.com
94428-82923
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